Determining a read voltage based on a change in a read window

ABSTRACT

A change in a read window of a group of memory cells of a memory device that has undergone a plurality of program/erase cycles (PECs) can be determined. read voltage can be determined based at least in part on the determined change in the read window.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the disclosure relate generally to memory systems and more specifically relate to modeling of a read window.

BACKGROUND

A memory system can include one or more memory devices that store data. The memory devices can be, for example, non-volatile memory devices and volatile memory devices. In general, a host system can utilize a memory sub-system to store data at the memory devices and to retrieve data from the memory devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the disclosure. The drawings, however, should not be taken to limit the disclosure to the specific embodiments, but are for explanation and understanding only.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example computing system that includes a memory sub-system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a partition including a cyclic buffer portion and a snapshot portion within a memory device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates different read windows in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a plot demonstrating adjusting a read window in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of an example method for determining a read window in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a system including a computing system in a vehicle in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example computer system in which embodiments of the present disclosure can operate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A memory sub-system can be a storage device, a memory module, or a hybrid of a storage device and memory module. Examples of storage devices and memory modules are described below in conjunction with FIG. 1. In general, a host system can utilize a memory sub-system that includes one or more memory devices, such as memory devices that store data. The host system can provide data to be stored at the memory sub-system and can request data to be retrieved from the memory sub-system.

A memory device can be a non-volatile memory device. One example of non-volatile memory devices is a negative-and (NAND) memory device (also known as flash technology). Other examples of non-volatile memory devices are described below in conjunction with FIG. 1. A non-volatile memory device is a package of one or more dice. Each die can consist of one or more planes. Planes can be groups into logic units (LUN). For some types of non-volatile memory devices (e.g., NAND devices), each plane consists of a set of physical blocks. Each block consists of a set of pages. Each page consists of a set of memory cells (“cells”). A cell is an electronic circuit that stores information. A block hereinafter refers to a unit of the memory device used to store data and can include a group of memory cells, a word line group, a word line, or individual memory cells. For some memory devices, blocks (also hereinafter referred to as “memory blocks”) are the smallest area than can be erased. Pages cannot be erased individually, and only whole blocks can be erased.

Each of the memory devices can include one or more arrays of memory cells. Depending on the cell type, a cell can store one or more bits of binary information, and has various data states that correlate to the number of bits being stored. Data states can also be referred to as logic states. The data states can be represented by binary values, such as “0” and “1,” or combinations of such values. There are various types of cells, such as single level cells (SLCs), multi-level cells (MLCs), triple level cells (TLCs), quad-level cells (QLCs), and penta-level cells (PLCs). For example, a SLC can store one bit of information and has two data states.

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to modeling a read window for a group of memory cells of a memory device based on subjecting a different group of memory cells of the memory device to program/erase cycles (PECs). A read window can also be referred to as a read window budget (RWB), a threshold voltage (V_(t)) spread, or a valley width. A valley width refers to a difference in magnitude of different program verify voltages for different programmed states or a program verify voltage and an erase verify voltage for different data states. During a service life of a memory device, memory cells of the memory device can undergo an increasing quantity of PECs. As a memory cell undergoes more and more PECs, the data retention capability of the memory cell can decrease.

Some approaches rely on increasing a read window as a memory device undergoes PECs. However, such approaches can be reactionary. For example, a read window can be increased by a predetermined amount in response to a memory device undergoing a predetermined, particular amount of PECs.

Aspects of the present disclosure address the above and other deficiencies by subjecting one or more memory cells of a memory device to high quantities of PECs to model behavior of other memory cells of the memory device. Subsequent to subjecting the memory cells to the PECs, a change in a program verify voltage and a change in an erase verify voltage can be determined. A read level can be determined based on the changes in the program verify and erase verify voltages. The PECs to which the memory cells are subjected can be unassociated with a programming operation. The memory cells can be purposefully and intentionally subjected to a quantity of PECs that the memory cells are expected to undergo during a service life of the memory device, or a portion thereof, but in a shorter time span than the service life, or portion thereof. For example, memory cells of a memory device can be subjected to 100,000 PECs in an order of magnitude less time than a service life of the memory device. Trims to be used on memory cells that have undergone a particular quantity of PECs (e.g., 100,000 PECs) during operation of the memory device can be selected and/or modified to provide a read window that provides desired data retention based on subjecting memory cells of the memory cells to the particular quantity of PECs. As used herein, a “trim” or “trim set” generally refers to a set of parameters, such as magnitudes of voltages, differentials, currents, etc. that can be applied to a memory device (via word line and/or bit lines, for example) to operate the memory device (control access to data written to the memory device, for example). Although embodiments of the present disclosure include one or more groups of memory cells is taken away from the storage capacity of a memory device, at least temporarily, the data retention capacity of the memory device is improved by compensating for effects of extensive PECs over the service life of the memory device.

Embodiments of the present disclosure can enable “on-the-fly” updates to read voltages for use with a memory device based on experimental data obtained from that memory device (e.g., subjecting a group of memory cells of the memory device to a quantity of PECs representative of at least a portion of a service life of the memory device). Instead of using pre-determined read voltages based on bench testing, behavior of a memory device as the memory device advances through its service life can be compensated for during operation of the memory device.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example computing system 100 that includes a memory sub-system 104 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The memory sub-system 104 can include media, such as one or more volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device 114), one or more non-volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device 116), or a combination of such.

A memory sub-system 104 can be a storage device, a memory module, or a hybrid of a storage device and memory module. Examples of a storage device include a solid state drive (SSD), a flash drive, a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive, an embedded Multi-Media Controller (eMMC) drive, a Universal Flash Storage (UFS) drive, a secure digital (SD) card, and a hard disk drive (HDD). Examples of memory modules include a dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a small outline DIMM (SO-DIMM), and various types of non-volatile dual in-line memory modules (NVDIMMs).

The computing system 100 can be a desktop computer, laptop computer, network server, mobile device, a vehicle (e.g., airplane, drone, train, automobile, or other conveyance), Internet of Things (IoT) enabled device, embedded computer (e.g., one included in a vehicle, industrial equipment, or a networked commercial device), such computing device that includes memory and a processing device.

The computing system 100 includes a host system 102 that is coupled to one or more memory sub-systems 104. In some embodiments, the host system 102 is coupled to different types of memory sub-systems 104. FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a host system 102 coupled to one memory sub-system 104. As used herein, “coupled to” or “coupled with” generally refers to a connection between components, which can be an indirect communicative connection or direct communicative connection (e.g., without intervening components), whether wired or wireless, including connections such as electrical, optical, magnetic, and the like. In at least one embodiment, the host system 102 is a computing device that controls a vehicle, such as an autonomous vehicle, and the memory sub-system 104 is an SSD that provides event recorder storage for the vehicle. An event recorder can also be referred to as a “black box” or accident data recorder. The memory sub-system 104 can store time based telemetric sensor data for the vehicle; however, embodiments are not limited to this example.

In some embodiments where the memory sub-system 104 serves as an event recorder, read and/or write access patterns communicated to the memory sub-system 104 can be consistent and/or predictable. Such read and/or write access patterns can be referred to as “predictable workloads” or “deterministic workloads.” These predictable workloads can be used to modulate the read window using a modeling approach described herein. The predictable workloads can provide predictable mechanisms to serve as triggering at the physical level at the memory sub-system 104.

The host system 102 can include a processor chipset and a software stack executed by the processor chipset. The processor chipset can include one or more cores, one or more caches, a memory controller (e.g., an SSD controller, NVDIMM controller, etc.), and a storage protocol controller (e.g., PCIe controller, SATA controller, etc.). The host system 102 uses the memory sub-system 104, for example, to write data to the memory sub-system 104 and read data from the memory sub-system 104.

The host system 102 can be coupled to the memory sub-system 104 via a physical host interface. Examples of a physical host interface include, but are not limited to, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) interface, a PCIe interface, universal serial bus (USB) interface, Fibre Channel, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), a double data rate (DDR) memory bus, a dual in-line memory module (DIMM) interface (e.g., DIMM socket interface that supports Double Data Rate (DDR)), Open NAND Flash Interface (ONFI), Double Data Rate (DDR), Low Power Double Data Rate (LPDDR), or any other interface. The physical host interface can be used to transmit data between the host system 102 and the memory sub-system 104. The host system 102 can further utilize an NVM Express (NVMe) interface to access the non-volatile memory device 116 when the memory sub-system 104 is coupled with the host system 102 by the PCIe interface. The physical host interface can provide an interface for passing control, address, data, and other signals between the memory sub-system 104 and the host system 102. FIG. 1 illustrates a memory sub-system 104 as an example. In general, the host system 102 can access multiple memory sub-systems via a same communication connection, multiple separate communication connections, and/or a combination of communication connections.

The memory devices 114 and 116 can include any combination of the different types of non-volatile memory devices and/or volatile memory devices. The volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device 114) can be, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), such as dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM).

Some examples of non-volatile memory devices (e.g., memory device 116) include negative-and (NAND) type flash memory and write-in-place memory, such as three-dimensional cross-point memory device, which is a cross-point array of non-volatile memory cells. A cross-point array of non-volatile memory can perform bit storage based on a change of bulk resistance, in conjunction with a stackable cross-gridded data access array. Additionally, in contrast to many flash-based memories, cross-point non-volatile memory can perform a write in-place operation, where a non-volatile memory cell can be programmed without the non-volatile memory cell being previously erased. NAND type flash memory includes, for example, two-dimensional NAND (2D NAND) and three-dimensional NAND (3D NAND).

Each of the memory devices 114 and 116 can include one or more arrays of memory cells. One type of memory cell, for example, single level cells (SLC) can store one bit per cell. Other types of memory cells, such as MLCs, TLCs, QLCs, and PLCs, can store multiple bits per cell. In some embodiments, each of the memory devices 116 can include one or more arrays of memory cells. In some embodiments, a particular memory device can include an SLC portion, and an MLC portion, a TLC portion, a QLC portion, or a PLC portion of memory cells. The memory cells of the memory devices 116 can be grouped as pages that can refer to a logical unit of the memory device used to store data. With some types of memory (e.g., NAND), pages can be grouped to form blocks.

Although non-volatile memory components such as three-dimensional cross-point arrays of non-volatile memory cells and NAND type memory (e.g., 2D NAND, 3D NAND) are described, the memory device 130 can be based on any other type of non-volatile memory or storage device, such as such as, read-only memory (ROM), phase change memory (PCM), self-selecting memory, other chalcogenide based memories, ferroelectric transistor random-access memory (FeTRAM), ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM), magneto random access memory (MRAM), Spin Transfer Torque (STT)-MRAM, conductive bridging RAM (CBRAM), resistive random access memory (RRAM), oxide based RRAM (OxRAM), negative-or (NOR) flash memory, and electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM).

The memory sub-system controller 106 (or controller 106 for simplicity) can communicate with the non-volatile memory devices 116 to perform operations such as reading data, writing data, erasing data, and other such operations. The memory sub-system controller 106 can include hardware such as one or more integrated circuits and/or discrete components, a buffer memory, or a combination thereof. The hardware can include digital circuitry with dedicated (i.e., hard-coded) logic to perform the operations described herein. The memory sub-system controller 106 can be a microcontroller, special purpose logic circuitry (e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.), or other suitable circuitry.

The memory sub-system controller 106 can include a processing device 108 (e.g., a processor) configured to execute instructions stored in local memory 110. In the illustrated example, the local memory 110 of the memory sub-system controller 106 is an embedded memory configured to store instructions for performing various processes, operations, logic flows, and routines that control operation of the memory sub-system 104, including handling communications between the memory sub-system 104 and the host system 102.

In some embodiments, the local memory 110 can include memory registers storing memory pointers, fetched data, etc. The local memory 110 can also include ROM for storing micro-code, for example. While the example memory sub-system 104 in FIG. 1 has been illustrated as including the memory sub-system controller 106, in another embodiment of the present disclosure, a memory sub-system 104 does not include a memory sub-system controller 106, and can instead rely upon external control (e.g., provided by an external host, or by a processor or controller separate from the memory sub-system 104).

In general, the memory sub-system controller 106 can receive information or operations from the host system 102 and can convert the information or operations into instructions or appropriate information to achieve the desired access to the non-volatile memory device 116 and/or the volatile memory device 114. The memory sub-system controller 106 can be responsible for other operations such as wear leveling operations, error detection and/or correction operations, encryption operations, caching operations, and address translations between a logical address (e.g., logical block address (LBA)) and a physical address (e.g., physical block address (PBA)) associated with the non-volatile memory device 116. The memory sub-system controller 106 can further include host interface circuitry to communicate with the host system 102 via the physical host interface. The host interface circuitry can convert a query received from the host system 102 into a command to access the non-volatile memory device 116 and/or the volatile memory device 114 as well as convert responses associated with the non-volatile memory device 116 and/or the volatile memory device 114 into information for the host system 102.

The host system 102 can send requests to the memory sub-system 104, for example, to store data in the memory sub-system 104 or to read data from the memory sub-system 104. The data to be written or read, as specified by a host request, is referred to as “host data.” A host request can include logical address information. The logical address information can be an LBA, which can include or be accompanied by a partition number. The logical address information is the location the host system associates with the host data. The logical address information can be part of metadata for the host data. The LBA can also correspond (e.g., dynamically map) to a physical address, such as a PBA, that indicates the physical location where the host data is stored in memory.

The memory sub-system 104 can also include additional circuitry or components that are not illustrated. In some embodiments, the memory sub-system 104 can include a cache or buffer (e.g., DRAM) and address circuitry (e.g., a row decoder and a column decoder) that can receive an address from the memory sub-system controller 106 and decode the address to access the memory device 114 and/or the memory device 116.

In some embodiments, the memory device 116 includes a local media controller 118 that operates in conjunction with memory sub-system controller 106 to execute operations on one or more memory cells of the non-volatile memory device 116. An external controller (e.g., memory sub-system controller 106) can externally manage the memory device 116 (e.g., perform media management operations on the memory device 116). In some embodiments, a memory device 116 is a managed memory device, which is a raw memory device combined with a local controller (e.g., local controller 118) for media management within the same memory device package. An example of a managed memory device is a managed NAND device.

In some embodiments, the memory sub-system controller 118 includes at least a portion of read level circuitry 112. For example, the memory sub-system controller 118 can include a processing device 108 configured to execute instructions stored in local memory 110 for performing the operations described herein. In some embodiments, the read voltage circuitry 112 is part of the host system 102, an application, or an operating system.

In some embodiments, the read voltage circuitry 112 can issue, or cause to be issued, a set trim command, which causes the memory device 116 (or portions thereof, such as logical units) to use a particular set of operating parameters to operate the memory cells of the memory device 116. A set trim command can be issued subsequent to subjecting one or more memory cells to a quantity of PECs representative of a service life of the memory device 116 that include operating parameters associated with a read window based on subjecting the memory cells to the representative quantity of PECs. Trims can include operating parameters associated with various operations such as program (write), program verify, erase, erase verify, and sense (read), among other operations associated with memory cells.

Trims can be used to achieve or adjust desired target voltages for programming memory cells, which can create different threshold voltage (V_(t)) distributions for data states. Trims can be used to achieve a read window or adjust a read window between data states (e.g., the voltage spread between different V_(t) distributions for different data states for memory cells of the memory device 116). Different trims can be used for different operations such as programming, reading, and/or erasing.

Examples of trims include programming voltages, programming frequency, a program start voltage, a program step voltage, a program inhibit start voltage, and an erase verify voltage. The program start voltage is the magnitude of an initial programming voltage pulse of a series of voltage pulses applied to a selected word line during a programming operation performed on memory cells in a selected block. The program step voltage is the voltage step size between programming voltage pulses. The program inhibit start voltage is a voltage used to inhibit further programming of memory cells once the V_(t) associated with a desired data state has been reached. The erase verify voltage is the voltage used to check whether memory cells in the selected block have a V_(t) indicative of the erase state.

Other examples of trims include read reference voltages and/or program verify voltages. Program verify voltages represent target voltage levels to which memory cells are to be programmed in order to represent a particular data state. Read reference voltages are voltage levels that can be located between program Vt distributions and used to determine a particular data state of a data cell during a data read operation. As used herein, trims are distinguished from programming times.

The read voltage circuitry 112 can be configured to cause a group of memory cells of the memory device 116 to undergo a particular quantity of PECs. A group of memory cells can be a physical block of memory cells. The read voltage circuitry 112 can be configured to determine a shift, relative to an initial threshold voltage distribution corresponding to a data state, of a threshold voltage distribution corresponding to a data state of the group of memory cells. The data state can be a programmed state. The shift can be a decrease of the threshold voltage distribution corresponding to the programmed state relative to the initial threshold voltage distribution corresponding to the programmed state.

The read voltage circuitry 112 can be configured to determine a shift, relative to an initial threshold voltage distribution corresponding to a different data state, of a threshold voltage distribution corresponding to the different data state. The different data state can be an erased state. The shift can be an increase of the threshold voltage distribution corresponding to the erased state relative to the initial threshold voltage distribution corresponding to the erased state.

The read voltage circuitry 112 can be configured to determine a read voltage for the group of memory cells on the determined shifts. As an illustrative, non-limiting example, after a group of memory cells is subjected to a quantity of PECs representative of a service life of the memory device 116, or a portion thereof, a threshold voltage distribution corresponding to an erased state can shift 100 millivolts (mV) lesser from an initial threshold voltage distribution and a threshold voltage distribution corresponding to a programmed state can shift 300 mV greater from an initial threshold voltage distribution. The shifts can be expressed as a ratio of 1:3. Based on the 1:3 ratio, a read voltage to be used with other groups of memory cells of the memory device 116 can be determined. After one or more groups of memory cells have undergone the quantity of PECs, the read voltage can be adjusted to be one third of the way between the initial threshold voltage distributions instead of halfway between the initial threshold voltage distributions. The processing device 108 can be configured to perform a programming operation on a different group of memory cells using the determined read voltage.

The read voltage circuitry 112 can execute instructions to utilize trims on groups of memory cells where the trims provide a desired read voltage. For example, the read voltage circuitry 112 can execute instructions to adjust a read voltage based on one or more shifts of one or more V_(t) distributions after subjecting on a different group of memory cells to PECs.

In some embodiments, the memory device 116 can include a cyclic buffer portion (e.g., the cyclic buffer portion 222 illustrated by FIG. 2) and a snapshot portion (e.g., the snapshot portion 224 illustrated by FIG. 2).

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a partition 220 including a cyclic buffer portion 222 and a snapshot portion 224 within a memory device 216 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The cyclic buffer portion 222 and snapshot portion 224 can be reserved portions of the partition 220. Host data can be received by the memory sub-system. The host data can be time based telemetric sensor data from different sensors of a vehicle. The time based telemetric sensor data from the different sensors can be aggregated by the host and sent to the memory sub-system at a data rate. The host data can be received by the memory sub-system and stored in the cyclic buffer portion 222 of the non-volatile memory device 216. As the cyclic buffer portion 222 is filled with host data, new data received from the host is stored sequentially, but older data in the cyclic buffer portion 222 can be erased or overwritten. The cyclic buffer portion 222 can therefore operate as a first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer, where newly received data replaced the oldest data therein.

The cyclic buffer portion 222 can be coupled to the snapshot portion 224. Upon occurrence of a trigger event 226, an amount of the time based telemetric sensor data from the cyclic buffer portion 222 can be copied to the snapshot portion 224. The recorded telemetric sensor data corresponding to the predetermined playback time can be referred to as a “snapshot”. The amount of host data corresponding to a defined period of time, which may be referred to as a playback time (e.g., 30 seconds), is referred to as a snapshot size whereas the data itself over that defined period of time is referred to as a snapshot. The snapshot size can be predefined for a period of time immediately preceding a trigger event. The snapshot size and/or playback time can be a predefined value programmed to the memory sub-system by a manufacturer, supplier, or user of the memory sub-system. In some embodiments, the determination that the trigger event 226 has occurred can include actuation of a trigger signal based at least in part upon received sensor information from a host that is above a threshold, such as a quantitative value.

The cyclic buffer portion 222 can store significantly more data over the service life of the memory device 216 than the snapshot portion 224. For example, the cyclic buffer portion 222 can store 3-4 orders of magnitude (1,000-10,000 times) more data than the snapshot portion 224. However, the cyclic buffer portion 222 does not have to have a larger storage capacity than the snapshot portion 224. The size (amount of memory) of the cyclic buffer portion 222 can be dependent, at least in part, on an endurance capability of the cyclic buffer portion 222. For example, if a host is expected to write 150 petabytes (PB) of data to the cyclic buffer portion 222 (TBW is 150 PB) and the endurance capability of the cyclic buffer portion 222 is 5 million PEC, then 30 GB of memory for the cyclic buffer portion 222 is sufficient to satisfy the TBW of 150 PB, provided that data stored by the cyclic buffer portion 222 is overwritten. In contrast, if the endurance capability of the cyclic buffer portion 222 is 500 thousand PEC, then 300 GB of memory for the cyclic buffer portion 222 is necessary to satisfy the TBW of 150 PB. Thus, it can be beneficial to improve (increase) an endurance capability of the non-volatile memory device 216 (e.g., an endurance capability of the cyclic buffer portion 222) so that a higher TBW requirement can be satisfied with a smaller amount of memory. Reducing the amount of memory can reduce manufacturing costs, operating costs, and/or improve performance of the non-volatile memory device 216.

The size (amount of memory) of the snapshot portion 224 can be based on the rate at which data is to be received from the host, a playback time, and a quantity of snapshots that are desired to be available in the snapshot portion 224. The snapshot portion 224 can have sufficient storage to save [data rate from host (e.g., in GB/sec)*playback time (e.g., in sec)*desired quantity of snapshots (e.g., a whole number)]. In other words, the size of the snapshot portion 224 can be sufficiently large to store a desired number of snapshots. As used herein, the size of the snapshot portion 224 is referred to as “a user capacity” of the memory sub-system.

The memory sub-system can be configured to operate the cyclic buffer portion 222 such that memory cells of the cyclic buffer portion 222 are programmed to a V_(t) based on a remaining service life of the memory sub-system. It is desirable for the cyclic buffer portion 222 to store data accurately and reliably because the cyclic buffer portion 222 is used repeatedly and frequently (in some embodiments, significantly more frequently than the snapshot portion 224). Thus, a performance target of the cyclic buffer portion 222 can be endurance capability.

The memory sub-system can be configured to operate the snapshot portion 224 such that memory cells of the snapshot portion 224 are programmed to a V_(t) based on a remaining service life of the memory sub-system. It is desirable for the snapshot portion 224 to store data accurately and reliably because the snapshots are intended to be recoverable after a trigger event. Thus, a performance target of the snapshot portion 224 can be data retention.

The copying of a snapshot from the cyclic buffer portion 222 to the snapshot portion 224 can be powered by a power supply 228 of the memory sub-system under normal circumstances. However, copying of the snapshot from the cyclic buffer portion 222 to the snapshot portion 224 can be powered by a backup power supply, such as one or more hold-up capacitors 230 in response to a loss of system power (e.g., the power supply 228), which can be associated with the trigger event 226, such as a vehicle accident. In at least one embodiment, the loss of power from the power supply 228 can be the trigger event 226. A size and/or quantity of the hold-up capacitor(s) 230 are sufficient to provide enough power to copy one snapshot from the cyclic buffer portion 222 to the snapshot portion 224. As illustrated, the power supply 228 and the hold-up capacitor 230 are coupled to the cyclic buffer portion 222 and the snapshot portion 224. This indicates that the power supply 228 and the hold-up capacitor 230 are coupled to the memory device 216 to provide power therefor. There may not be a direct physical connection between either the power supply 228 or the hold-up capacitor 230 and the partition 220, but the power can be provided through write circuitry (not specifically illustrated).

In some embodiments, memory cells of the cyclic buffer portion 222 can be operated so as to store one bit per cell (SLC mode) and memory cells of the snapshot portion 224 can be operated so as to store more than one bit per cell. It can take longer to operate memory cells that store more than one bit per cell than to operate memory cells that store only one bit per cell. For example, an increased number of data states represented by the memory cells having multiple bits per cell can further increase complexity of an algorithm associated with programming, reading, and/or erasing the memory cells. Therefore, the memory cells programmed to store multiple bits per cell can have a different programming characteristic, such as a slower data transfer rate and/or longer programming time (e.g., time elapsed to program data to the memory cells), than that of the SLC memory cells and/or memory cells programmed to store fewer bits per cell. Memory cells of the cyclic buffer portion 222 can be operated with a faster programming time than a programming time for the memory cells of the snapshot portion 224.

FIG. 3 illustrates different read windows 332-1, 332-2, and 332-3 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The horizontal axis represents the charge or voltage of the memory cell (V_(t)) and the vertical axis represents the quantity of memory cells for each data state (1 and 0) that are programmed to a particular voltage. The curves for each data state (1 and 0) therefore represent statistical distributions of memory cell threshold voltages for each data state. The read windows 332-1, 332-2, and 332-3 are the respective separation between the V_(t) distributions along the horizontal axis (e.g., in volts).

Memory cells of a non-volatile memory device can be in good condition early in the service life of the non-volatile memory device. Because the memory cells are in good condition, large valley margins are not required. Thus, the non-volatile memory device can utilize a narrow read window, such as the read window 332-1, without negatively affecting the reliability of the non-volatile memory device. Utilizing a narrow read window can slow down degradation of memory cells of the non-volatile memory device, which, in turn, can increase the endurance and data retention performance of the non-volatile memory device.

FIG. 3 provides a graphical representation of programming a group of memory cells of a non-volatile memory device to a V_(t) based on a quantity of PECs that the group of memory cells has undergone. For example, early in the service life of the non-volatile memory device, memory cells of the non-volatile memory device can be programmed using trims resulting in the read window 332-1. The read window 332-1 is narrow such that the V_(t) distribution associated with a data state (e.g., an erased state (1)) is close to the V_(t) distribution associated with a different data state (e.g., a programmed state (0)). A narrower V_(t) spread between data states can reduce the data reliability because it can be more difficult to distinguish between the data states. But because the memory cells are in good condition early in the service life of the non-volatile memory device, data states of the memory cells can still be distinguished between even when the read window 332-1 is used.

A benefit of using a narrow read window, such as the read window 320-1, early in the service life of the non-volatile memory device can be reducing memory cell degradation early in the service life of the non-volatile memory device instead of using a wide read window, such as the read window 332-3, throughout the service life of the non-volatile memory device. Programming a memory cell to a greater V_(t) (and subsequently erasing the memory cell) over many cycles can degrade the memory cell at a faster rate than programming the memory to a lower V_(t) (and subsequently erasing the memory) early in the service life of the non-volatile memory device and increasing the V_(t) throughout the service life of the non-volatile memory device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, although operation of an SLC is generally illustrated in FIG. 3, embodiments are not so limited. The same principles can be applied to memory cells that are operated with more than one programmed state.

As illustrated by FIG. 3, some embodiments of the present disclosure include increasing the V_(t) corresponding to the data state 0 as the non-volatile memory device undergoes more PEC. Programming the memory cells to a greater V_(t) requires a greater voltage and/or increased number of voltage pulses to be applied to the memory cells, which can degrade the materials of the memory cells. During the middle of the service life of the non-volatile memory device, memory cells of the non-volatile memory device can be programmed to a greater V_(t) corresponding to a desired data state. In response to the non-volatile memory undergoing further PEC, memory cells of the non-volatile memory device can be programmed to a greater V_(t) corresponding to the data state 0 as illustrated by the read window 332-2. During the latter portion of the service life of the non-volatile memory device, memory cells of the non-volatile memory device can be programmed to an even greater V_(t) corresponding to a desired data state. In response to the non-volatile memory undergoing even further PEC, memory cells of the non-volatile memory device can be programmed to an even greater V_(t) corresponding to the data state 0 as illustrated by the read window 332-3. Increasing the read window based on the quantity of PEC that the memory device, block, or cell has undergone (for example, from the read window 332-1 to the read window 332-2 and/or the read window 332-3) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure can be beneficial to improve data retention of the memory device. Although FIG. 3 illustrates three different read windows 332-1, 332-2, and 332-3, embodiments of the present disclosure are not so limited.

FIG. 4 is a plot 434 demonstrating adjusting a read window in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The horizontal axis of plot 434 indicates a quantity of PEC with the quantity of PEC increasing toward the right side of the plot 434. The vertical axis of the plot 434 represents voltages.

Line 435 represents program verify voltages. A program verify voltage is used to confirm that a memory cell has been programmed to at least a V_(t) corresponding to a programmed state. A magnitude of a program verify voltage can be less than a target voltage corresponding to the programmed state. A magnitude of a program verify voltage corresponds to the lesser side of a V_(t) distribution.

Line 437 represents erase verify voltages. An erase verify voltage is used to confirm that a memory cell has been erased to at least V_(t) corresponding to an erased state. A magnitude of an erase verify voltage can be greater than a target voltage corresponding to the programmed state. A magnitude of an erase verify voltage corresponds to the greater side of a V_(t) distribution.

The line 439 represents a read window. A read window for a particular quantity of PECs can be defined by a program verify voltage indicated by the line 435 and an erase verify voltage indicated by the line 437.

In some embodiments, a read window can be adjusted by increasing a magnitude of a program verify voltage. For example, the memory cell can undergo a quantity of program voltage pulses and subsequently a program verify voltage can be applied to the memory cell to confirm that the memory cell has sufficiently programmed. If the memory cell conducts as a result of application of the program verify voltage, then the memory cell passes. If the memory cell does not conduct as a result of application of the program verify voltage, then one or more additional program voltage pulses can be applied to the memory cell.

In some embodiments, a read window, by increasing a magnitude of an erase verify voltage. Increasing a magnitude of an erase verify voltage can effectively relax the program verify voltage requirement discussed above. Increasing a magnitude of the erase verify voltage can cause the memory cell to be erased so deeply (to such a low or negative voltage) can make it easier for the memory cell to be reach to a low voltage so as to be considered to be erased. As the memory cell ages, it can become difficult to erase the memory cell to such low or negative voltages due to degradation of the memory cell.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of an example method for determining a read window in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The method can be performed by processing logic that can include hardware (e.g., processing device, circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, hardware of a device, integrated circuit, etc.), software (e.g., instructions run or executed on a processing device), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method is performed by or using the memory sub-system controller 106, processing device 108, read window circuitry 112, non-volatile memory device 116 and/or volatile memory device 114, and/or local media controller 118 shown in FIG. 1. Although shown in a particular sequence or order, unless otherwise specified, the order of the processes can be modified. Thus, the illustrated embodiments should be understood only as examples, and the illustrated processes can be performed in a different order, and some processes can be performed in parallel. Additionally, one or more processes can be omitted in various embodiments. Thus, not all processes are required in every embodiment. Other process flows are possible.

At operation 570, a change in a read window of a group of memory cells of a memory device that has undergone PECs can be determined. Determining the change in the read window can include determining a shift in a threshold voltage distribution associated with a data state relative to an initial read window. Determining the change in the read window can include determining a shift in a threshold voltage distribution associated with a different data state relative to the initial read window. In some embodiments, the group of memory cells can be subjected to a particular quantity of PECs prior to determining the change in the read window. The PECs can be unassociated with storing data in the group of memory cells.

At operation 572, a read voltage can be determined based on the determined change in the read window. In some embodiments, the read voltage can be determined based on a ratio of the shift in the threshold voltage distribution associated with the data state and the shift in the threshold voltage distribution associated with the different data state.

Although not illustrated in FIG. 5, some embodiments can include a feedback loop. For example, the read voltage determined at operation 572 can be used to determine another change in the read window of the group of memory cells. As described herein, operations 570 and 572 can be repeated, in sequence, to determine an optimal read voltage.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a system 848 including a computing system 600 in a vehicle 655 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The computing system 600 can include a memory sub-system 604, which is illustrated as including a controller 606 and non-volatile memory device 616 for simplicity but is analogous to the memory sub-system 104 illustrated in FIG. 1. The computing system 600, and thus the host 602, can be coupled to one or more sensors 644-1, 644-2, 644-3, 644-4, 644-5, 644-6, 644-7, 644-8, . . . , 644-N either directly, as illustrated for the sensor 644-4 or via a transceiver 652 as illustrated for the sensors 644-1, 644-2, and 644-3. The transceiver 652 is able to receive time based telemetric sensor data from the sensors 644 wirelessly, such as by radio frequency communication. In at least one embodiment, each of the sensors 644 can communicate with the computing system 600 wirelessly via the transceiver 652. In at least one embodiment, each of the sensors 652 is connected directly to the computing system 600 (e.g., via wires or optical cables). As used herein, telemetric sensor data means that the data is collected by the sensors 652 that are remote from the memory sub-system 604 that stores the data (the receiving equipment). The telemetric sensor data is time based because the data is correlated with time. The time corresponding to each data point can either be stored with the telemetric data or derivable therefrom based on some metric, such as a known start time for the data and a data rate. The time can be useful in the playback of the sequences preceding an accident, for example.

The vehicle 655 can be a car (e.g., sedan, van, truck, etc.), a connected vehicle (e.g., a vehicle that has a computing capability to communicate with an external server), an autonomous vehicle (e.g., a vehicle with self-automation capabilities such as self-driving), a drone, a plane, a ship, and/or anything used for transporting people and/or goods. The sensors 644 are illustrated in FIG. 6 as including example attributes. For example, the sensors 644-1, 644-2, and 644-3 are camera sensors collecting data from the front of the vehicle 655. The sensors 644-4, 644-5, and 644-8 are microphone sensors collecting data from the from the front, middle, and back of the vehicle 655. The sensors 644-7, 644-8, and 644-N are camera sensors collecting data from the back of the vehicle 655. As another example, the sensors 644-5 and 644-6 are tire pressure sensors. As another example, the sensor 644-4 is a navigation sensor, such as a global positioning system (GPS) receiver. As another example, the sensor 644-6 is a speedometer. As another example, the sensor 644-4 represents one or more engine sensors such as a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a voltmeter, an ammeter, a tachometer, a fuel gauge, etc. As another example, the sensor 644-4 represents a video camera.

The host 602 can execute instructions to provide an overall control system and/or operating system for the vehicle 655. The host 602 can be a controller designed to assist in automation endeavors of the vehicle 655. For example, the host 602 can be an advanced driver assistance system controller (ADAS). An ADAS can monitor data to prevent accidents and provide warning of potentially unsafe situations. For example, the ADAS can monitor sensors in the vehicle 655 and take control of the vehicle 655 operations to avoid accident or injury (e.g., to avoid accidents in the case of an incapacitated user of a vehicle). The host 602 may need to act and make decisions quickly to avoid accidents. The memory sub-system 604 can store reference data in the non-volatile memory device 616 such that time based telemetric sensor data from the sensors 644 can be compared to the reference data by the host 602 in order to make quick decisions.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example computer system in which embodiments of the present disclosure can operate. Within the computer system 790, a set of instructions, for causing a machine to perform one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, can be executed. The computer system 790 includes a processing device 792, a main memory 794, a static memory 798 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), and a data storage system 777, which communicate with each other via a bus 797. The data storage system 799 is analogous to the memory sub-system 104 illustrated in FIG. 1.

The processing device 792 represents one or more general-purpose processing devices such as a microprocessor, a central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processing device can be a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or a processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. The processing device 792 can also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an ASIC, an FPGA, a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor, or the like. The processing device 792 is configured to execute instructions 793 for performing the operations and steps discussed herein. The computer system 790 can further include a network interface device 795 to communicate over a network 796.

The data storage system 799 can include a machine-readable storage medium 791 (also known as a computer-readable medium) on which is stored one or more sets of instructions 793 or software embodying one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 793 can also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 794 and/or within the processing device 792 during execution thereof by the computer system 790, the main memory 794 and the processing device 792 also constituting machine-readable storage media.

In some embodiments, the instructions 793 can be executed to implement functionality corresponding to the read window circuitry 112 of FIG. 1. The instructions 793 can be executed to subject a group of memory cells of a memory device to PECs at an accelerated rate relative to a rate of PECs associated with programming operations of the memory device. For example, memory cells can be subjected to PECs at a rate 10, 11, 12, or 13, even 100, times faster than a rate of PECs associated with operation of a memory device. The instructions 793 can be executed to model a performance characteristic of a different group of memory cells of the memory device based on a performance characteristic of the group of memory cells subsequent to subjection to the PECs. Non-limiting examples of performance characteristics of a memory device are data retention and endurance capability.

In some embodiments, the instructions 793 can be executed to determine an initial read window for programming operations performed on the different group of memory cells based on the modeled performance characteristic. The initial read window can be an input to a calibration algorithm. The instructions 793 can be executed to determine a read window of the group of memory cells subsequent to subjection to the PECs. The instructions 793 can be executed to deploy, to the different group of memory cells, a trim setting based on the modeled performance characteristic.

While the machine-readable storage medium 791 is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include a medium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media.

Some portions of the preceding detailed descriptions have been presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the ways used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.

It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. The present disclosure can refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage systems.

The present disclosure also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus can be specially constructed for the intended purposes, or it can include a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program can be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but not limited to, types of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, each coupled to a computer system bus.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to a particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems can be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it can prove convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the method. The structure for a variety of these systems will appear as set forth in the description below. In addition, the present disclosure is not described with reference to a particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages can be used to implement the teachings of the disclosure as described herein.

The present disclosure can be provided as a computer program product, or software, that can include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which can be used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the present disclosure. A machine-readable medium includes a mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). In some embodiments, a machine-readable (e.g., computer-readable) medium includes a machine (e.g., a computer) readable storage medium such as a ROM, RAM, magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, etc.

In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the disclosure have been described with reference to specific example embodiments thereof. It will be evident that various modifications can be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of embodiments of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: during a first portion of a desired service life of a memory device, subjecting a first group of memory cells of the memory device to a particular quantity of program/erase cycles (PECs) at an accelerated rate relative to a rate of PECs associated with programming operations of the memory device, wherein the particular quantity of PECs corresponds to a cumulative quantity of PECs expected to be undergone by a second group of memory cells of the memory device throughout the desired service life of the memory device, and wherein the first group of memory cells are dedicated to being subjected to high quantities of PECs at the accelerated rate; during the first portion of the desired service life and subsequent to subjecting the first group of memory cells to the particular quantity of PECs: determining a change in a read window of the first group of memory cells of the memory device; and determining a read voltage for the second group of memory cells of the memory device based at least in part on the determined change in the read window, wherein the second group of memory cells are dedicated to the programming operations and data storage; and during a second portion of the desired service life of the memory device subsequent to the first portion, performing the programming operations on the second group of memory cells using the determined read voltage.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the change in the read window comprises determining a shift in a threshold voltage distribution associated with a data state relative to an initial read window.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining the change in the read window further comprises determining a shift in a threshold voltage distribution associated with a different data state relative to the initial read window.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising determining the read voltage based at least in part on a ratio of the shift in the threshold voltage distribution associated with the data state and the shift in the threshold voltage distribution associated with the different data state.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the particular quantity of PECs are unassociated with the programming operations of the memory device.
 6. A system, comprising: a processing device; and a memory device communicatively coupled to the processing device and comprising: a first group of memory cells dedicated to being subjected to high quantities of program/erase cycles (PECs) at an accelerated rate relative to a rate of PECs associated with programming operations of the memory device, wherein the first group of memory cells are not used to data storage; and a second group of memory cells dedicated to the programming operations and data storage, wherein the processing device is to: during a first portion of a desired service life of the memory device: cause the first group of memory cells to be subjected to a particular quantity of PECs at the accelerated rate, wherein the particular quantity of PECs corresponds to a cumulative quantity of PECs expected to be undergone by the second group of memory cells throughout the desired service life of the memory device; determine a first shift, relative to a first initial threshold voltage distribution corresponding to a first data state of the first group of memory cells, of a first threshold voltage distribution corresponding to the first data state; determine a second shift, relative to a second initial threshold voltage distribution corresponding to a second data state of the first group of memory cells, of a second threshold voltage distribution corresponding to the second data state; and determine a read voltage for the first group of memory cells based at least in part on the first shift and the second shift; and during a second portion of the desired service life of the memory device subsequent to the first portion, perform a programming operation on the second group of memory cells using the determined read voltage.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the first data state is a programmed state and the first shift comprises a decrease in the first threshold voltage distribution.
 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the second data state is an erased state and the second shift comprises an increase in the second threshold voltage distribution.
 9. The system of claim 6, wherein the memory device comprises a cyclic buffer portion and a snapshot portion comprising the first group of memory cells and the second group of memory cells.
 10. The system of claim 6, wherein the system comprises a solid state drive to provide event recorder storage for an autonomous vehicle.
 11. The system of claim 6, wherein the memory device comprises an array of memory cells comprising the first group of memory cells and the second group of memory cells.
 12. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to: during a first portion of a desired service life of a memory device, subject a first group of memory cells of the memory device to a particular quantity of program/erase cycles (PECs) at an accelerated rate relative to a rate of PECs associated with programming operations of the memory device, wherein the first group of memory cells are dedicated to being subjected to high quantities of PECs at the accelerated rate, and wherein the particular quantity of PECs corresponds to a cumulative quantity of PECs expected to be undergone by a second group of memory cells of the memory device throughout the desired service life of the memory device, wherein the second group of memory cells are dedicated to the programming operations and data storage; model a performance characteristic of the second group of memory cells based at least in part on a performance characteristic of the first group of memory cells subsequent to subjecting the first group of memory cells to the particular quantity of PECs; and during a second portion of the desired service life of the memory device subsequent to the first portion, deploy, to the second group of memory cells, a trim setting based at least in part on the modeled performance characteristic.
 13. The medium of claim 12, further comprising instructions to determine an initial read window for the programming operations performed on the second group of memory cells based at least in part on the modeled performance characteristic.
 14. The medium of claim 13, further comprising instructions to input the initial read window to a calibration algorithm.
 15. The medium of claim 12, further comprising instructions to model the performance characteristic over the particular quantity of PECs.
 16. The medium of claim 12, wherein the performance characteristic is a data retention or an endurance capability.
 17. The medium of claim 12, further comprising instructions to, subsequent to subjecting the first group of memory cells to the particular quantity of PECs, determine a read window of the first group of memory cells.
 18. The medium of claim 12, wherein the particular quantity of PECs comprises at least 100,000 PECs. 